1 RKK Made Donation for Flood Victims in Bangkok
"Southern Bandit donated fiber glass boats for flood victims in Bangkok"
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| Thai News Paper on Rkk Donation Story |
At the end of the last week busy flood relief in Bangkok, a small crime news section talked about the arrest of 20 fiber glass boats sprayed inscriptions of donation by RKK group(see the translation above) for flood sufferers in Bangkok Rama 8 area and the news was quickly vanished from the media after Metropolitan Police Bureau Commander ,Pol.Maj.Gen. Wichai Sungkhaphrapai made an investigation by himself, the suspects were released and all boats were black sprayed to eraze the inscriptions.
Since the news were not pay much attention by the people, there was quickly silence by the society and medias but some group of people and medias are trying to get the answers from this strange events happen in the society.
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| Thai White Inscriptions on Boats for Donation |
RKK(Runda Kumpulan Kecil=Small group of army)is a group of Patani Malay people in the south of Thailand organized to fight the Thai government for an independence of Patani, this RKK has been operated as military department under the Patani National Liberation Front(BRN) established in the 1960s.RKK is considered as an out law armed group(terrorist operated in the conflict south-Patani ) by the Thai government, it become well known by Thai Military and Thai government after gun stolen from Narathiwat province military camp on January 4, 2004 which marked as the beginning of latest insurgency in the south. RKK fully become the symbol of armed fighting with various technical attack using the up to date technologies and local wisdom such as remote control bombing, timing bombing, cell phone bombing, car and motorcycle bombing, grenade throwing, arson attack, specific target shooting, drive by shooting, kill and stolen the weapons and many others. According to Thai army, RKK is a well trained young men with the commando spirit of fighting lives every where good in the village, the town and in the jungle in a small group not more than 10 people.
The appearance of “Fiber glass boats donation for flood victims in Bangkok
The Opinion
The Opinion
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Mr. Thongplaew Janpaeng who owned grocery store said he will accept the donation even from RKK group if they have the spirit of helping other people difficulties and will distribute all boats to flood victims.
Mr.Suchart Thong-inn, flood victim in Nakon Chaisri district, Nakonpathom province said that he will not accept any donation from bandit gang(RKK)because he believed that they are not sincere as the way they fought the Thai government.
0 Statement from the AMAN 20th Anniversary Assembly, Pattani
We the AMAN* Anniversary Assembly of 2011, firmly believe that the diversity of the cultures on Earth today is our strength, which should be nurtured and protected. Diversity gives us identity and the means to know, respect and celebrate each other, living together in peace. We are convinced that peace amidst diversity is achievable. But, in a rapidly globalising world, we are also convinced that to make Peace achievable we must:
1. recognize and respect human dignity
2. acknowledge and celebrate diversity
3. respect the opinions of all without prejudice
4. respect protect and fulfill the human rights of all minorities
5. address the plight of refugees, migrants, and stateless persons, especially children
6. understand, accept and appreciate our diversity of identities and richness of histories
7. live with one another in harmony and tolerance.
We are alarmed by the pandemic of xenophobia and Islamophobia on the one hand and the uncontrolled growth, on the other hand, of repressive state laws dealing ostensibly with terrorism or blasphemy, which are enforced with discrimination and oppression.
We are pleased however, that even as we meet, people in diverse countries of the Muslim world from Tunisia to Algeria, from Egypt to Yemen are raising protests against oppressive laws and unequivocally rejecting dictatorial governments. In full solidarity, we applaud their efforts to bring about positive change towards just and participatory governance.
We reaffirm that the overriding principle of peace is justice, with mercy and compassion. It is imperative that our concept of Justice encompasses the basic human right to a life free from fear, hunger and want.The Assembly has been deeply moved by the testimonies of people, especially women and youth, living in conflict zones. We therefore call upon all governments, all power- holders and all stakeholders, throughout the world, in places where violent conflicts are occurring to:
1. Support genuine demilitarisation, thus making available additional resources to meet human needs.
2. Rehabilitate and rebuild in the areas of conflict, the infrastructures necessary to sustain life with dignity and humanity.
3. Empower disadvantaged vulnerable and excluded communities, especially women, youth, indigenous, displaced and disabled peoples
4. Promote and monitor effective ceasefire and peace-building agreements and programs
5. Restore participatory governance at all levels: international, national and local
6. Establish Commissions of Justice and Reconciliation to ensure that a sustainable and lasting peace is built upon the recovery of truth and the full provision of justice
7. Build human capacity to realise the above
We meet here in Pattani, in the midst of the people of Southern Thailand. We have heard their cries of anguish and their pleas for help. We have also had opportunity to observe, and learn from representatives of the government of Thailand, about the development initiatives being undertaken in
response. But conflict continues unabated, with unacceptable loss of human life and untold human suffering, despite such response. More is clearly needed. Therefore, we call upon the government of Thailand:
• to secure the protection of all peoples of Southern Thailand,
• to bring an immediate end to continuing abuses, discriminations and denials and
• to fully support the entitlement of all peoples of Southern Thailand to respect for their identity, cultural diversity, resources and way of life. Putting an immediate end to a culture of impunity, is an absolute imperative in this regard.
AMAN strongly recommends and fully supports a speedy and just negotiated settlement of the conflict and an immediate cessation of all forms of violence. To that end, AMAN urges:
• the peoples of Southern Thailand to agree upon and designate their representatives to the peace negotiations, and
• the government of Thailand to ensure the full participation of such designated representatives in such peace negotiations.
Pattani, Thailand
January 28, 2011.
From Peace and Collaborative Development Network(PCDN)
0 Killing of Colonel Gaddafi is not justice
Disturbing images of a wounded, roughed-up and reportedly dead embattled Muammar Gaddafi - once the strongest man in Libya for more than 40 years - being dragged on the ground in his hometown of Sirte earlier today did not represent justice (in the true sense of the word) for the numerous victims of his brutal 42-year reign in Libya. The images depict man's inhumanity to man and a total disregard for human life by the National Transitional Council (NTC) fighters involved in the historic operation.
0 Tak Bai Massacre: Endless Legendary of Brutality
Six local men were arrested charging of stolen the weapons from government village defense volunteers and jailed in Tak Bai police station for further action and investigation. A demonstration was organized to demand their release and the police called in army reinforcements. The peaceful demonstration for justice of Malay ethnic turned to bloody feast for Thai security forces when some unknown rocks thrown out from the demonstration crowd and the police presumed that an attempted were made to storm the police station, security forces used aggressive tear gas and gunfire in response, this Tak Bai incident was happened on October 25, 2004 in Tak Bai, Thailand, which resulted in at least 87 deaths and number of hundreds were seriously injured and disabled.
Tak Bai mass killing was not the first events in the history of Patani and Thailand, in fact there are many and some of them are as under:-
The Dusungnyo Village
On April 28, 1948 at Dusong Nyo village, now in Narathiwat province, 400 hundred people were killed and 30 Thai police men also killed after fire exchange, thousand of them fled to neighboring Malaya states. The Thai official report said that the villagers which mostly the Malay Muslim of Patani planned to attack the police stations in the surrounding area “the long and well trained 1,000 Muslim Malay of Patani guerillas in disguise were ready to make an assault to the police stations and every Thai government offices in the area” said one of the Thai official report explain about the causes of the assault to the village of Dusong Nyo on April 28, 1948.
The Historic 1975 Patani Demonstration(Perarakan Patani)
The demonstration caused by Thai marines shooting 6 Muslims Malay of Patani with one thirteen–year-boy on November 29, 1975 and thrown in to Saiburi river at Kor Tor(Kota) bridge, on the border of Narathiwat-Patani province. The thirteen–year-boy survived, come back and told the massacre story to the activists, the demonstration was organized and the Civil right protection group was established asking 4 demands from Thailand
1. The arrest of the criminals by rule of law.
2. Compensation for the victims’ families.
3. Withdrawal of government troops within seven days.
However, the Thai government did not seem to take these demands seriously, but the Muslims persevered.
The demonstration was first taken place at Pattani provincial hall compound on December 12, 1975. The Patani Malay people come and join the protest, on December 13, 1975, University students from institutions in the south also came to join the protest. The military and the police surrounded the city of Pattani
The Krisek Mosque (Kruese Mosque)
April 28, 2004, 38 people believed(by Thai government) to be the separatists were shot dead by the Thai security forces in the historic Krisek(Krue se)mosque after 8 hours of mosque surrounding while another hundreds were shot dead at difference places in the provinces of Yala, Patani and Songkhla.
This incident was started by the young men who later executed controversially by the security forces as the objectives of them were, later the Thai security forces heavily criticized by the human right activists and human right organizations regarding human right practiced in this bloody incident.
Tanyong Limo Tea shop Bullet Spraying
On September 19, 2008, in the evening, unknown gunmen on the pickup truck spraying the bullet targeted at teashop crowded with people who enjoy the evening tea and coffee in Tangyong Limo village killed 2 people with 4 injured, after a few minutes of bullet spraying 2 Thai marines came to the village, people in the village arrested both of them for the demand of arresting the gunmen on the pick up truck which the villagers believed that they must be the Thai secret forces and wanted foreign press to come and witness the situation in Tanyong Limo, during 8 hours of negotiation with Thai official the marines were beaten to death. After the marines were killed, the whole villagers who join the blockade for negotiation with Thai official for justice were round up for questioning using the emergency decree, many of them spend long month and year in the army camp and custody, many ran out from the village for safety, many seek refuge in neighboring country and many found mysteriously dead nearby village.
Boa Ngo Massacre
On November 16, 2005 unknown group of gun men abducted bombs in the center of village No.5 Kampong Kathong, Boa Ngo sub-district, Range district, Narathiwat province and shooting the people in the village, especially on Mr. Ludeng Awaebuesa house killed two men, six women and an eight month infant in the cradle, Mr.Ludeng was excused by the Thai authority as the retired member of separatist group, he with 7 children(one was an eight month infant) and a wife was brutally killed in the middle of the night, fortunately one of his son survive because of working in Malaysia during his family tragedy. Five people were shot at the leg and abdomen seriously injured. Thailand 2 kilometers away from the village and the killing was against the liberation principle of the separatist.
Massacre at Aipayae Al-Furqan Mousque
On 8 June 2009, five to six masked assailants dressed in black opened fire with M-16 assault rifles and shotguns directly into a crowd of worshipers as they were bending down in prayer in Al Furqon mosque in Ban Ai-payae, Cho Ai Rong district of Narathiwat province. Ten people died at the scene, including the Imam. Another 12 people were seriously injured. The killers believed to be para military rangers(Tahan Pran), later warrants issued to the Buddhist suspect name Suthirak Kongsuwan, a former para military ranger and professional gun man , after his surrender, he was released on bail and at last he was dismiss by Narathiwat criminal court and until today no one was arrested .
Police and military believed that the attack was in retaliation for the killing of the Buddhists.
Yala Teashop Bullet Spraying
On May 3, 2011, at least four assailants dressed in camouflaged uniforms and riding in the back of a pickup truck shot into the crowded tea shop in Kasot village No.5, Bannang Sata district, Yala province killing 4 people and wounding 15 others including one child before fleeing the scene. At first Police blamed the attack on separatist rebels. Later, Thiraphon Pandam, 22 years old Buddhist, A former para military ranger(Tahan Pran) surrendered to the police with four others after Yala court issued the warrants. The suspects said that they had done for the revenge of the insurgents killing one Buddhist villager.
The killing of innocence people had become an easy target for Thai authority to frightened the Patani villagers and Patani people who inclined or sympathy to the separatist movement side because this tactic had long been proof successful time after time, as the government and being Thai Buddhists who possessed both power and privilege, mass killing had become unofficially lawful and easy for them( yet no killers from govt. side were sentenced), this had been excused of creating the “counter revenge” situation from the movement side, no wonder that now both parties were blamed by the international human right and justice communities.
0 Evening Bazaar at PulaGong(Pulau Gong)
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| PulaGong Evening Bazaar on the Road Sides View PulaGong VDO Evening Bazaar or Pasar (Bazaar) Malam in Malay and Nat Malam in Malay of Patani Dialect is introduced in the 4 southern border provinces of Patani, Yala, Narathiwat and Songkhla around the 1990s. It was an imitated the Pasar Malam in |
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| PulaGong Village |
Opening–Closing Time
The majority of people in the 4 southern borders provinces are normally involved in agricultural production which in the day time they are fully wasted in the paddy field, farm, fruit orchard or rubber plantation, there are plenty of day time markets for purchasing goods but they have to travel, some time far from their village and essentially they have to left their jobs, the Nat Malam is an alternative to them both in time and space. Nat Malam is probably started functioning at 4 pm. and close at about 20 pm. that depend on how famous the Nat Malam is, more famous- people are crowded and time is extended but not later than 21.00 pm. The sellers come from the villages or nearby and sometime come as far as the cities of Yala or Patani or Narathiwat or Songkhla. The buyers largely from the village that Nat Malam situated, nearby villages or sometimes the famous Nat Malam attracted the costumers from far away villages or city dwellers(In case that Nat Malam had special goods that can’t find from other places or the price is more cheaper).
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| Open Air Ice Cream |
Things Buy and Sell at Nat Malam
Nat Malam is commonly provide the necessary daily living things for people, price is more cheaper if compare to the usual markets available in 4 southern border provinces. Traditional food like Nasi Kerabu(Rice mixed vegetable), Nasi Tineh(rice cake in coconut leaf), Jagong Rebus(Boiled corn) are abandon in Nat Malam situated in the village(sometimes difficult to find in usual market), modern well known food like Burger, fish and beef ball, French fried, Ice cream, Somtam including fresh fish, cooking materials, Nypa and tobacco(local cigarette), fresh vegetable etc. are also available. We can find watches, ornaments, modern clothes, traditional clothes, reused clothes and many others at Nat Malam.
Pulakong is a 2 Malay words, Pula + Gong (Pulau + Gong), Pula means Island and Gong may translated as Gong Island(This Island may refer to a remote or isolated village that established far from other villages, since the village in Patani is an area that consists of Paddy field and a high land that can growth fruit, vegetable and build houses, this PulaGong village originally surrounded with paddy field on all sides while the high land (where village was built) was in the middle like an island when see from distance), people said that in the past there was a beautiful Gong in this village, its sound is great and heard from a far and people named this village ‘Pula Gong’). PulaGong village is situated in PulaGong(Pulakong) sub-District in Yaring(Jering) district, Patani province to the south is Mayor district Patani province. There’s about 1, 370 people in Pualkong sub-district, people are mainly working on paddy field, plantation and fruit orchard while clothing productions and vegetable grow are the secondary work of the villagers. PulaGong is well known country wide from novel written in Thai Named "Pulakong" and later become the movie shown all over the country .
Shopping at PulaGong evening Bazaar
We come and visit our family in Mayor district, some 7 or 9 kilometers from Pulakong, one of our family members wanted to eat a boiled corn, asking our family in Mayor, they said that there’s no one sell on Friday except at Pulakong evening Bazaar, the only market that open on Friday evening in this area and now the time is 5 pm., we decided and drive a while and lost the unfamiliar way and reached the crowded bazaar at nearly 5.30 pm, the Pulakong Bazaar is organized on both side of the road sides which run across the village, we see more crowded when the time nearly 6 pm. we search for boiled corn, we shop difference things including sit and have ice cream at the ice cream open air shop with cheaper price than in Patani town but the same taste, after finishing ice cream we have to hurry back home because it getting darker and darker, we see all who come to the bazaar, good on motorbikes, car or walking back home are carrying plastic bag in their hand less or more with things they bought from PulaGong Evening bazaar with smiling face.
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| Nypa and tobacco(local cigarette) |
Remark: After an eruption of new wave of unrest in 2004, Evening Bazaar never stop its functioning until to day.
0 Flowers in the Graveyard
Graveyard is the final destination of every human living on this planet earth that never feel happy to go. Graveyard is the symbol of sadness, the home of breathless body and for some one the most fearful place on this planet earth that never dare to visit or passing by.
Graveyard according to Islam is the resting place before proceed to the day of the judgment, in the grave you will live according to your goodness and badness in your living world, for faithful Muslims Grave is a temporary happy home before moving to eternal life, so graveyard is friendly to every faithful Muslim, and Islam is encourage the living to visit the graveyard some time if not often in order to understand the human destination and eternal life.
When some one die in Islam, they had to hurry to the grave for burial ceremony and after the burial, the Muslim Malay of Patani will accustomed with naturally mark of living tree and flowering plant on the grave of the death that is at the head to the north and the feet to the south while the face of the death facing west in the direction of Ka’abah, the house of God in Makkah, Saudiarbia.
Normally in Patani graveyard will attaché to the west of the mosque but in some places graveyard is separated from the mosque or attaché right or left to them. There is the reason behind the attachment of the grave to the mosque that is after praying ceremony of the death in the mosque, it’s easy and comfortable to move the death to the grave in a short distance.
To day, the memorial stone play important roll in marking the death but still the flower plant and tree get some space in doing so, here is the beautiful flowers and plants that we can find in the graveyard compound in Patani, now in the south of Thailand
0 Drive through 4066 Highway(Talohaloa-Palo Batas)
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| Map Showing 4066 Highway from PYN NEWS |
The 4066 highway is one of the most important strategic development of modern Thai government in the south of Thailand, The 4066 highway is about 28+485.968 Kilometers started from Talohalo(Telok Halo) village in Raman district, province of Yala and end up at Palobatas(Kepala Batas) village in Nyingo district, province of Narathiwat. It is the connection between Yala province and Narathiwat province on the shortest rout, which can reduce the journey about 40 kilometers from the all available old routs in the area.
Budo mountain range or Bukit Budo in Malay language is famous for its beauty, natural resources enrichment, sharing great events in the history of the area as well as famous for the war of Patani Malay defense and liberation against Siamese invader.
Budo Mountain is part of Sankala Kiri range lie as the back bone of southern Thailand, in some area lie through difference districts of Yala province such as Betong, Yaha, Bannang satar, Thanto, Raman and many districts in Narathiwat province such as Bacho, Nyingo, Waeng, Sungaikolok, Sukirin including some districts in Patani province such as Thungyangdeang, Kapo, Saiburi.
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| Climb Up the Hill of 4066 Highway |
The Construction of 4066 Highway
The original project of 4066 highway Talohaloa(Telok Halo)-Palobatas(Kepala Batas) started in 2004 and will completed in 2006, the project has extended the duration for 5 times due to the unrest situation and land payment problem of the villagers, in 2009 the Democrat government passed the construction of the site to the Thai army in place of Private construction company and in 2011, the project is completed by the army which using the total duration for 8 years for 28+485.968 Kilometers long.
Short Cut and Beautiful Scenario
This 4066 highway is run from west at Talohalo intersection , Raman district, Yala province to the east end up at Palobatas connected with high way 42, Nyingo district, Narathiwat province. This 4066 highway run through the Budo mountain range at its highest point of 200 Meters from the sea level, from this point of resting area every one can see a beautiful part of the flat area of Narathiwat province, the coastal area of gulf of Thailand and the greenery of rubber and palm plantation of Narathiwat province beside, a beautiful stream is available at this resting point area which every one can enjoy bathing from natural water flow down from Budo mountain, the water is clean, fresh with natural aroma.
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| The Resting Area, to the East is Narathiwat Coastal Area at 200 Meters Above Sea Level |
Strategic Highway
The 4066 Highway is very important for the connection of the two provinces of Yala and Narathiwat in term of convenience and duration of journey because its become shorter than the most convenient old routs about40 kilometers but the unrest situation become an important hindrance to the popularity of the highway itself. The Budo mountain is well known on it prestige associated with the unrest or liberation events for more than 200 years since Patani was annexed by Siam
The 4066 Highway is very important for the connection of the two provinces of Yala and Narathiwat in term of convenience and duration of journey because its become shorter than the most convenient old routs about
Since the Malay villages are every where at the foot of the Budo mountain, then the relationship between the separatists and the villagers are always in the “focus alert” of the Thai government, this ‘focus alert’ had become the all time important humanitarian issue of the Thai government and 4066 highway is one of the best tool of the Thai government to die down the support of separatist movement among the villagers who live scattered at the foot hill of the legendary Bukit Budo.
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| The Over All 12 Meters Wide of 4066 Highway |
0 SULU-PATANI COMMONALITY: SIGN OF INDEPENDENCY!
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| Pitis Patani or Patani Coins from Sulu-Patani Story |
Coin is something that interested me because it's a work of arts and crafts in itself, it gives an information about Socio-Economic of certain period in certain kingdom and important of all, coin is denoted or represent the symbol of sovereignty of sovereign nation and an independence kingdom, good in the past or present day. In trying to know How and What is like ? the medium of trade in the ancient Patani kingdom(From Langkasuka to Patani) I was surfing wildly to collect the information about coins and its related items, It is astonishing that Patani in the past was already produced coins (or possibly Note from paper)and used it as as the medium of internal and external trade, this little information was yet not satisfy me, I want more information simply to figure out clearly what is behind the Patani coins and how far the Patani coins travel in this world, during my journey to get more information, I was stuck with one blog article name SULU-PATANI COMMONALITY: SIGN OF INDEPENDENCY, ...this article gave me some hints of discovery about the travelling of Patani coins, I stop searching and read carefully and finally decided to present in Patani River as detailed under:-
SULU-PATANI COMMONALITY: SIGN OF INDEPENDENCY!
by Neldy Jolo
Sulu is known to be located at the south of the Philippines, a country that held Sulu for long since its independence from America. Sulu was one a maritime nation-state that traded over the Likusantara(Southeast Asia Region) in Melayu called Nusantara. Sulu is nowwaiting for its declaration of the independence in 2010.
Patani is located at the south of Thailand that is continuously having the conflict within for no clear reasons. I remember when we visited Patani in 2006 for our assignment to observe the situation there in our Peace Training Program. I was one of the peace movers to ask the people here, since I could speak Bahasa Melayu. They spoke a litbit different than what I know.
Upon our arrival to the Hat Nai Airport from Bangkok, we were fetched by a long van to bring us to Patani. This time the hot issues about bomb blasting are ringing. We took our dinner in the Melayu Patani small restaurant. I love to eat the Tom Yam, one of the very famous delicious delicacies here.The very common to Sulu is the Pitis Patani that brought a meaning of coins or currency to the Melayu Patani. Pitis Patani in Sulu is commonly had a meaning of a kind of native cake that is wrapped by banana leaves. This is also a signifying act of people of having adead luck in their business or sells, like patay in pitis or miyatay in pitis. But it doesn’t mean that pitis is luck per se, since patay or miyatay is dead.
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| Sulu Pitis Patani |
While coin or money in Patani is Pitis Patani, in Sulu money is calledSiyn, a coin is called Kusing and then the currency is called Pilak. This is similar to the currency used term in Peninsula Malaysia “Perak” before independence, although the term bought the same meaning as silver. In North Borneo, money is called Pirok by the Sungai natives when conducting their business sells, Moh Syahrizan said. This is the remains of the Sultanate of Sulu influence to this land.
When we met one of the professors in Songkhla University in Patani, he was very happy when he was informed that one of us was from Sulu and Mindanao. He said, “You know brothers you are the people whom Patani People got the idea of revolution after other people in the world seeking for independence, like Aceh in the region”. He was pertaining to the revolution of the MNLF headed by Prof. Nur Misuari since early 70’s.
The interview of Charnvit Kasetsiri in Bangkok Post, clearly said that by ethnicity, Muslim in southern Thailand in opposite is of Malay decent but they are forced to name themselves as Thai following on the basis of nationality and provinces.
This is similar or exactly the same to the Tausug or Bangsa Sulu in Sulu. They are forced to write they are Filipino where in fact they are not, they are indeed Tausug a citizens of Sulu not of the Philippines.
I remember one time in Kuala Lumpur while attending the media conference, there was a young guy from Sulu who met somebody from Myanmar but a Filipino. This Filipino guy asked him “Are you Filipino!” knowing that the name tag bore the name Philippines and the Philippine Flag is there. This Sulu guy replied “No, I am not Filipino I am from Sulu but holding Philippine Passport”. This is the clear indication that Tausug or Bangsa Sulu were also forced to name themselves as Filipinos due to nationality or provinces.
This is the thing now that is fought by the UTC. According to them Sulu had lost its people. This is why we would go back to our nationality that is Tausug or Bangsa Sulu nationality. We would sail under One Flag, One National Language of multi dialects, the Bahasa Sug, One Government, One Religion by accepting others faith under One Darul Islam and One National Identity of different ethnicities.
Patani people tied with the agreement of not of their own consent. Anglo-Siamese agreement in 1909 was signed in the palace of King of with Governor Sir John Anderson. Sulu also experienced the case together with Mindanao when it was annexed to the Philippines under Treaty of Peace singed in Paris between Spain and America and Philippine Independence Act of 1934.
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Neldy Jolo The Author of SULU-PATANI COMMONALITY: SIGN OF INDEPENDENCY!
Tausug is definitely had cross the sea to reach Patani then. I wanted to search here whether the word Pitis Patani of Patani was derived from the Pitis Patani of Sulu and vice versa. I ought to look for its origin and its meaning beyond term but context to seek the past ties for the future diplomatic partnership between these two kingdoms.
“So much for that Sulu want it independence! So, Philippines please go out now from our country. Our elements of statehood and nationhood are now complete. Support or not to support Sulu independence will come out! ” according to Ben of the UTC.
0 MALAY STATES IN SIAMESE CONTROL
MALAY STATES under SIAMESE
The authority of Siam, which at one time covered the whole of the Malay peninsula, now extends southward to an irregular line drawn across the Peninsula at about 6° 30' N. Between that line and the Isthmus of Kra, usually accepted as the northernmost point of the Malay Peninsula, there lie some 20,000 sq. m. of territory inhabited by a mixed population of Siamese and Malays with here and there a few remnants of the aboriginal inhabitants clinging to the wilder districts, and with a few Chinese settlers engaged in commerce. Formerly this tract was divided into a number of states, each of which was ruled by a chief (Siamese, Chao Muang; Malay, raja), who held his title from the king of Siam, but, subject to a few restrictions, conducted the affairs of his state in accordance with his own desires; the office of chief, moreover, was hereditary, subject always to the approval of the suzerain. The states formed two groups: a northern, including Langsuan, Chaya, Nakhon Sri Tammarat, Songkla, Renawng, Takoapa, Pang Nga, Tongka and Trang, in which the Siamese element predominated and of which the chiefs were usually Siamese or Chinese; and a southern, including Palean, Satun (Setul), Patani, Raman, Jering, Sai (Teloban), Re Nge (Legeh), Yala (Jalor) and Nong Chik, in which the population was principally Malay and the ruler also Malay. Four other states of the southern group, Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis, of which the population is entirely Malay, passed from Siamese to British protection in 1909.
The authority of Siam, which at one time covered the whole of the Malay peninsula, now extends southward to an irregular line drawn across the Peninsula at about 6° 30' N. Between that line and the Isthmus of Kra, usually accepted as the northernmost point of the Malay Peninsula, there lie some 20,000 sq. m. of territory inhabited by a mixed population of Siamese and Malays with here and there a few remnants of the aboriginal inhabitants clinging to the wilder districts, and with a few Chinese settlers engaged in commerce. Formerly this tract was divided into a number of states, each of which was ruled by a chief (Siamese, Chao Muang; Malay, raja), who held his title from the king of Siam, but, subject to a few restrictions, conducted the affairs of his state in accordance with his own desires; the office of chief, moreover, was hereditary, subject always to the approval of the suzerain. The states formed two groups: a northern, including Langsuan, Chaya, Nakhon Sri Tammarat, Songkla, Renawng, Takoapa, Pang Nga, Tongka and Trang, in which the Siamese element predominated and of which the chiefs were usually Siamese or Chinese; and a southern, including Palean, Satun (Setul), Patani, Raman, Jering, Sai (Teloban), Re Nge (Legeh), Yala (Jalor) and Nong Chik, in which the population was principally Malay and the ruler also Malay. Four other states of the southern group, Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis, of which the population is entirely Malay, passed from Siamese to British protection in 1909.
With the gradual consolidation of the Siamese kingdom all the states of the northern group have been incorporated as ordinary provinces of Siam (q.v.), the hereditary Chao Muang having died or been pensioned and replaced by officials of the Siamese Civil Service, while the states themselves now constitute provinces of the administrative divisions of Chumpon, Nakhon Sri Tammarat and Puket. The states of the southern group, however, retain their hereditary rulers, each of whom presides over a council and governs with the aid of a Siamese assistant commissioner and with a staff of Siamese district officials, subject to the general control of high commissioners under whom the states are grouped. This southern group, with a total area of about 7000 sq. m. and a population of 375,000, constitutes the Siamese Malay States. A British consul with headquarters at Puket, and a vice-consul who resides at Songkla, watch over the interests of British subjects in the states of the west and east sides of the peninsula respectively. Other foreign powers are unrepresented.
Palean
Palean
This small state on the west coast, bounded N. by the province of Trang, E. by the Songkla division, S. by the state of Setul, and W. by the sea, is about 900 sq. m. in area, and has a population of about 20,000. It is attached for administrative purposes to the province of Trang, and its people are chiefly engaged in the cultivation of pepper, of which about 150 tons are annually exported. A few tin mines are also worked.
Satun (Setul)
Satun (Setul)
This small state, bounded N. by Palean, E. by Songkla, S. by Perlis, and W. by the sea, contains about woo sq. m. area with a population of about 25,000, Malays, Siamese and a few Chinese. The principal production is pepper, which is exported in junks and in the small Penang steamers which ply on the west coast of the peninsula. In 1897 Setul was placed under the control of Kedah, then a Siamese dependency, but the arrangement was not a success, and in 1907 the Siamese government was forced, owing to prevailing corruption and misrule, to restrict the powers of the chief and, cancelling the authority of Kedah, to place him to some extent under the orders of the high commissioner of Songkla. By the terms of the Anglo-Siamese treaty of 1909 about half of the state of Perlis was added to Satun, an arrangement by which the importance of the latter was considerably increased.
PataniThe seven Malay states of Nawng Chik, Patani, Jering, Yala (Jalor), Sai (Teloban), Raman and Ra-nge (Legeh) were constituted from the old state of Patani at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1906 they were reunited to form the Patani administrative division of Siam, but each state retains its Malay ruler, who governs jointly with a Siamese officer under the direction of the Siamese high commissioner, and many of the ancient privileges and customs of Malay government are preserved. The group of states is situated between 5° 34' and 6° 52' N. and too° 54' and rot ° 58' E. It is bounded N. by the China Sea, E. by the China Sea and Kelantan, S. by Perak, and W. by Kedah. The total area is about 5000 sq. m. The country is mountainous except close to the coast. The principal rivers are the Patani and tle Teloban, long, winding and shallow, and navigable for small boats only. The population is about 335,000, of whom the great majority are Malays. Each state has its capital, but Patani (the headquarters of the high commissioner) is the only town of importance. Communications are poor and are chiefly by river, but roads are under construction. Patani and Sai are in telegraphic communication with Bangkok and Singapore, and regular weekly mails are despatched to those places. The area under cultivation is small except round about Patani and in Nawng Chik, where much rice is grown. Tin mining is a growing industry; many Chinese own mines and several European syndicates are at work in Raman, Ra-nge and Patani, prospecting for, or mining, this metal. Fishing and salt-evaporation occupy a large proportion of the population. The annual export of tin is about 400 tons, and dried fish, salt, cattle and elephants are other exports. Steamers up to 300 tons maintain frequent communication with Bangkok and Singapore, and the Patani roads afford good anchorage at all seasons.
Mahommedan law is followed in the settlement of inherited property disputes and of matrimonial affairs; otherwise the laws of Siam obtain. Efficient law courts have been established in each state, and there is a serviceable force of gendarmerie recruited from amongst Malays and Siamese alike. The revenue amounts to about 600,000 ticals, or 45,000 a year, one-third being payable to the rulers as private income for themselves and their relatives, one-third expended on the administration, and one-third reserved for special purposes, but it is usually found necessary to devote the lastmentioned third to the expenses of administration. Patani has been subject to Siam from the remotest times. It is said that the old state adopted Islamism in the 16th century, the chief, a relative of the kings of Siam, embracing that religion and at the same time revolting to Malacca. It has several times been necessary to send punitive expeditions to recall the state to its allegiance. The present rulers are mostly descended from the ruling families of the neighbouring state of Kelantan, but the chief of Patani itself is a member of the family which ruled there in the days of its greatness. Throughout the 17th century Patani was resorted to by Portuguese, Dutch and English merchants, who had factories ashore and used the place as an emporium for trade with Siam. In 1621 an engagement took place in the Patani roads between three Dutch and two British ships, the latter being taken after the president of the British merchants, John Jourdain, had been killed. In 1899 the border between the state of Perak and Raman was fixed by an agreement between England and Siam, a dispute of old standing being thereby settled, but the question was reopened in the negotiations which preceded the Anglo-Siamese treaty of 1909, when a new border line was fixed between British and Siamese possessions in the Peninsula.
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